Which theory posits that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness?

• A. Drive Reduction Theory
• B. Maslow's Theory
• C. Expectancy Theory
• D. Arousal Theory

Answer: (D)

Arousal theory holds that motivation comes from the desire to reach and maintain an optimal level of alertness. When arousal is too low, people seek stimulation to raise it; when it’s too high, they engage in activities to reduce it. The idea is that performance is best at a moderate level of arousal, with too little or too much arousal hindering performance (an inverted U relationship). This differs from Drive Reduction Theory, which focuses on relieving internal discomfort from unmet needs; Maslow’s theory emphasizes a hierarchy of needs to be satisfied in order; and Expectancy Theory centers on beliefs about likely rewards and their value rather than regulating arousal.