In which theory is emotion explained as the result of arousal plus cognitive labeling?

• A. James-Lange
• B. Arousal and Cognitive Label
• C. Display Rules
• D. Facial Feedback

Answer: (B)

Two-factor theory explains emotion as the result of arousal plus cognitive labeling. In this view, a physiological arousal (like a racing heart or sweaty palms) happens first, but the actual feeling you experience depends on how you interpret or label that arousal given the surrounding situation. The arousal is nonspecific, so your brain uses context, thoughts, and cues from the environment to decide what emotion you’re feeling—fear, excitement, anger, etc. That labeling step is what turns bodily arousal into a specific emotional experience.

This differs from the idea that emotion comes directly from bodily changes, as in the notion that you simply perceive your physiological state and that creates the emotion. It also isn’t about how we express emotions socially (display rules) or about facial expressions shaping how you feel (facial feedback).